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Basic Car Knowledge: Engines
If you’re familiar with cars, you probably know that engines come in many variations. All engines operate using the same mechanical principles: fuel and air are ignited to create a twisting force called torque. The two types of engines that are used in cars are rotary engines and piston engines. Piston engines are by far the most common type of engine used in cars. Piston engines use pistons seated in cylinders to drive a crankshaft which spins a flywheel. Rotary engines use a special rotating disc to produce power. Rotary engines are typically smaller and operate at higher RPM’s (revolutions per minute) than piston engines. Most rotary engines are similar, although some have more than one rotor. Piston engines however come in many different shapes and sizes.
The first characteristic that makes a piston engine unique is the number of cylinders it contains. Most small passenger cars contain a four cylinder engine. Trucks and SUV’s typically have either a six or eight cylinder engine. Engines are also made with as many as sixteen cylinders, but these are very uncommon. The more cylinders an engine has, the more power it is capable of producing and the more fuel it uses. For example, an engine revolution is completed when every cylinder has fired once. This means that a four cylinder engine creates power from four cylinder strokes, whereas an eight cylinder creates the same motion with eight strokes, creating much more power.
The next main characteristic of a piston engine is the arrangement of the cylinders. Most four cylinder engines are referred to as inline fours because the cylinders are arranged in a straight line. Inline six cylinder engines are used as well. The other common type of cylinder arrangement is the V shaped engine. V engines have a bank of cylinders on each side, creating a V shape. V shaped engines usually have six or eight cylinders, but can have as many as sixteen.
The third major characteristic of a piston engine is the cylinder displacement. This number is always expressed in liters. The displacement of an engine refers to the volume displaced by all of the cylinders combined. Therefore, the more cylinders an engine has, the more displacement it has. Each type of engine has its advantages and disadvantages. A buyer must consider his or her uses for the car before deciding on an engine type.
